Sister-chromatid exchange analyses in rodent maternal, embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues: transplacental and direct mutagen exposures.

Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) analyses were conducted in maternal, embryonic and extraembryonic tissues of pregnant rats and mice. The various tissues were substituted in vivo with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) by implantation of a BrdU tablet in pregnant animals at mid-gestation. Following maternal exposure to 5-20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, embryonic liver cells demonstrated dose-dependent SCE increases up to 10-fold that of control. Rat embryos revealed little intralitter variability for this transplacental effect. Maternal marrow and yolk sac cells examined in the rat also underwent significant increases in SCE, although to different extents. While marrow SCE frequencies were similar to those of embryo liver, yolk sac SCE frequencies were generally much lower. SCE analyses were also conducted in rat yolk sac cells substituted in vivo with BrdU and subsequently explanted to whole-embryo culture. In vitro exposure to cyclophosphamide at concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml had no SCE-inducing effect. However, similar exposures to phosphoramide mustard, a presumed metabolite of cyclophosphamide, caused dose-dependent increases in SCE up to 8-fold higher than control at 2 microgram/ml. Thus, cyclophosphamide appears to require maternal metabolic activation in order to cause an increased SCE frequency in yolk sac cells. The system described permits versatile SCE analyses which can help to define relative maternal and embryo tissue-specific sensitivities to chemical-induced genetic damage.