Menkes' syndrome (trichopoliodystrophy): use of scanning electron-microscope in diagnosis and carrier identification.

Three new cases of Menkes' kinky-hair syndrome are presented. In each case the diagnosis was confirmed biochemically, but light microscopy failed to demonstrate the characteristic hair changes. However, when scanning electron-microscopy was used, pili torti and trichorrhexis nodosa were seen clearly in the samples taken from each case. In addition, monilethrix, a change noted in other reports, was seen to be an optical effect produced at the point of a twist. Hair samples were obtained from female relatives of the three affected families and were similarly examined. Changes indicative of carrier status were observed in two of the three mothers and also in a normal sister and half-sister.