Kuo K H, Clamann H P
Am J Phys Med. 1981 Oct;60(5):219-38.
The electrical activity of four pairs of synergistic muscles-the long head of triceps brachii and anconeus, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus, the long and short heads of biceps brachii, and rectus femoris and vastus medialis-was studied during isometric contractions of varying speed. Each muscle pair consists of a two-joint muscle and a one-joint muscle. Two of the one-joint muscles, anconeus and soleus, are composed predominantly of red muscle fibers and are called red muscles; all the remaining muscles are composed predominantly of pale fibers and are therefore called pale muscles. Synergistic pairs of muscles in which the muscles are both pale become active simultaneously in movement of all speeds. No difference in usage of such muscles was found as a function of movement speed. In synergistic muscle pairs composed of a red and a pale muscle, a slow movement was always initiated by the red muscle, whose electrical activity predominated throughout the movement. In a rapid movement, the pale muscle could be initially most active. However, movements of equal speed could be initiated by the red muscle. Thus the speed of a contraction is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for reversals of muscle activation.
在不同速度的等长收缩过程中，研究了四组协同肌的电活动，这四组协同肌分别是肱三头肌长头和肘肌、腓肠肌外侧头和比目鱼肌、肱二头肌长头和短头以及股直肌和股内侧肌。每组协同肌由一块双关节肌和一块单关节肌组成。其中两块单关节肌，即肘肌和比目鱼肌，主要由红色肌纤维组成，被称为红色肌肉；其余所有肌肉主要由浅色纤维组成，因此被称为浅色肌肉。两块肌肉均为浅色的协同肌对在各种速度的运动中同时激活。未发现此类肌肉的使用情况随运动速度而有差异。在由一块红色肌肉和一块浅色肌肉组成的协同肌对中，缓慢运动总是由红色肌肉发起，其电活动在整个运动过程中占主导。在快速运动中，浅色肌肉可能最初最为活跃。然而，同等速度的运动也可由红色肌肉发起。因此，收缩速度是肌肉激活反转的必要但非充分条件。
