Chapman R A, Harris C R
J Environ Sci Health B. 1981;16(5 Pt B):605-15. doi: 10.1080/10934528109375008.
Permethrin, cypermethrin, fenpropanate and fenvalerate (emulsifiable concentrates) were applied at 280 g AI/ha and incorporated into mineral and organic soil contained in small field plots. Radishes and carrots were grown to serve as indicators of insecticide uptake. Similar plots were treated with the same insecticides at 140 g AI/ha and the soil surface was left undisturbed following application. Soil cores were removed at appropriate intervals and the crops were harvested when mature. The insecticide concentration in all samples was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The amount of insecticide in the soil declined rapidly to less than 50% of the initial value in 1 month or less for most material-soil-treatment combinations and within 2 months for all cases. Concentrations remained in excess of 0.01 ppm in the organic soil for at least six months for all material-treatment combinations but fell below this level over 2-5 months in the mineral soils. Organic soil incorporated fenvalerate was the most persistent combination overall with 25, 17 and 7% remaining at 6, 18 and 28 months respectively. The trans-isomers of permethrin and cypermethrin disappeared more quickly than the cis-isomers but the insecticidally active IR isomers were not preferentially degraded relative to the inactive 1S. No residues (less than 0.01 ppm) were found in the radish or carrot crops. First order disappearance rates were not constant for any of the combinations. A comparison of partial rate constants showed: 1) 0-1 mo rates were generally greater in mineral than organic soil, 2) 1-6 mo rates in organic soil were lower than 0-1 mo rates, 3) 1-6 mo rates for surface applications to organic soil were generally less than for incorporated applications. In laboratory experiments, 0-1 mo rates for fenvalerate disappearance in a mineral soil were 2-3x greater for 0.5 ppm than for 10 ppm while 1-6 mo rates were independent of insecticide concentration but were 1.5x greater for 0.5% moisture than for 5%.
将氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯（乳油）以280克有效成分/公顷的用量施用于小田间地块中的矿质土和有机土，并混入土壤中。种植萝卜和胡萝卜作为杀虫剂吸收指标。用相同的杀虫剂以140克有效成分/公顷的用量处理类似地块，施药后土壤表面保持原状。在适当的时间间隔取土芯，作物成熟时进行收获。所有样品中的杀虫剂浓度通过气液色谱法测定。对于大多数物质-土壤-处理组合，土壤中的杀虫剂含量在1个月或更短时间内迅速下降至初始值的50%以下，所有情况均在2个月内下降。对于所有物质-处理组合，有机土中的浓度至少六个月内保持超过0.01 ppm，但在矿质土中2-5个月内降至该水平以下。总体而言，混入有机土中的氰戊菊酯是最持久的组合，在6、18和28个月时分别有25%、17%和7%残留。氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯的反式异构体消失得比顺式异构体更快，但与无活性的1S相比，具有杀虫活性的IR异构体没有被优先降解。在萝卜或胡萝卜作物中未发现残留（低于0.01 ppm）。对于任何组合，一级消失速率都不是恒定的。部分速率常数的比较表明：1）矿质土中0-1个月的速率通常高于有机土；2）有机土中1-6个月的速率低于0-1个月的速率；3）有机土表面施药1-6个月的速率通常低于混入施药。在实验室实验中，矿质土中氰戊菊酯0-1个月的消失速率，0.5 ppm时比10 ppm时高2-3倍，而1-6个月的速率与杀虫剂浓度无关，但含水量为0.5%时比5%时高1.5倍。
