Weiss M J
J Comp Neurol. 1981 Dec 10;203(3):515-53. doi: 10.1002/cne.902030312.
The calyx region and pedunculus of the corpora pedunculata ("mushroom bodies") were studied comparatively in reduced silver preparations of the brain from 16 species of Orthoptera representing four families (Acrididae, Gryllidae, Tettigoniidae, and Gryllacrididae). In the acridid grasshopper Melanoplus femurrubrum (de Geer), on which emphasis was placed, the concave primary calyx is bilayered and exhibits a special central zone. Globuli cell axons occur within both layers. The bulbous accessory calyx is unlayered and sends anterior extensions beneath the primary calyx. The main input tracts into primary and accessory calyx, respectively, are the tractus olfactorio-globularis and tritocerebral tract. The pedunculus consists of one barrel with three major fiber columns, of which two originate in the primary calyx and one in the accessory calyx. Its fibers display a coaxial arrangement, superimposed on the tripartite organization. Structural conditions in other acridids are similar. In the other families the calyx region similarly includes a bilayered primary calyx and unlayered accessory calyx. The latter, variable in form, is closely associated with the base of the primary calyx in tettigoniids and gryllacridids. The calyces receive the same major tracts as in acridids. The pedunculus is coaxially organized. These features are theorized to have originated as follows. In the progenitors of Orthoptera the corpora pedunculata included two mutually equivalent, bilayered calyces and a "double-barreled" pedunculus. The orthopteran primary calyx arose through coalescence of these calyces. Concomitantly, the two peduncular barrels fused into one. The accessory calyx originated at the base of the primary calyx, from the class of globuli cell axons of the latter's external layer. Probably this occurred in response to increased functional importance to tritocerebral input.
在代表四个科（蝗科、蟋蟀科、螽斯科和蟋螽科）的16种直翅目昆虫大脑的还原银制剂中，对柄状复合体（“蕈形体”）的萼区和柄进行了比较研究。重点研究的蝗科蝗虫红腿蝗（Melanoplus femurrubrum，de Geer）中，凹陷的初级萼是双层的，并呈现出一个特殊的中央区域。小球细胞轴突存在于两层之中。球状附属萼是不分层的，并在初级萼下方发出向前的延伸。分别进入初级萼和附属萼的主要输入束是嗅觉球状束和后脑束。柄由一个含有三个主要纤维柱的桶状结构组成，其中两个起源于初级萼，一个起源于附属萼。其纤维呈现同轴排列，叠加在三重组织之上。其他蝗科昆虫的结构情况相似。在其他科中，萼区同样包括双层的初级萼和不分层的附属萼。后者形态多样，在螽斯科和蟋螽科中与初级萼的基部紧密相连。萼接受与蝗科相同的主要束。柄是同轴组织的。这些特征被推测起源如下。在直翅目昆虫的祖先中，柄状复合体包括两个相互等同的双层萼和一个“双桶状”的柄。直翅目的初级萼是通过这些萼的合并形成的。同时，两个柄桶融合成一个。附属萼起源于初级萼的基部，来自后者外层的小球细胞轴突类别。可能这是对后脑输入功能重要性增加的一种反应。
