Worthington R K, Typpo M, Worthington E L
Percept Mot Skills. 1980 Feb;50(1):183-6. doi: 10.2466/pms.1980.50.1.183.
32 preschool children were matched by age, sex, and pretest scores on spatial concept knowledge. Four groups were (a) instruction (see and hear) only, (b) verbal repetition, (c) fine motor treatment (hand manipulation), and (d) gross motor treatment (body movement). The 11 spatial concepts studied were in front of, behind, beside, on top of, under, around, through, right, left, forward, and backward. There was no difference in performance between groups given instruction only and verbal repetition. The motoric groups learned more than the non-motoric groups. Older children knew more concepts initially but did not learn more new concepts than younger children.
32名学龄前儿童根据年龄、性别和空间概念知识的预测试成绩进行了匹配。四组分别为：(a) 仅接受指导（看和听），(b) 言语重复，(c) 精细运动治疗（手部操作），以及 (d) 大运动治疗（身体运动）。所研究的11个空间概念包括：在……前面、在……后面、在……旁边、在……上面、在……下面、围绕、穿过、右边、左边、向前和向后。仅接受指导的组和言语重复组在表现上没有差异。运动组比非运动组学到的更多。年龄较大的儿童最初知道的概念更多，但比起年龄较小的儿童，他们学习到的新概念并不更多。
