Daniloff R G, Wilcox K, Stephens M I
J Commun Disord. 1980 Sep;13(5):347-63. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(80)90004-0.
The /s/ production of six /s/-defective children and two normal controls were subjected to spectrographic analysis. Articulatorily, two of the children were dentalizers, two had lateral emission of friction, and two were of an "other" type. Results show for normals an /s/ spectrum which is compact (5-11 kHz), powerful, and dominated by strong, sharp spectral peaks at 6 and 10 kHz. Their spectra were context sensitive. Dental subjects showed flatter, less peaked, higher frequency (6-12 kHz), and less intense noise spectrum, which was not so context sensitive. Lateral /s/ subjects showed a broad 4-9 or 4-10 kHz spectrum characterized by somewhat smaller, more numerous peaks, and a lower cutoff frequency (about 4kHz) than for normals. The "other /s/ defectives varied very widely, so that no consistent pattern emerged. The acoustic data are then discussed in terms of the articulation of varieties of friction noise.
对六名/s/发音有缺陷的儿童和两名正常对照者的/s/发音进行了频谱分析。从发音方式上看，其中两名儿童是齿化音，两名有侧擦音，另外两名属于“其他”类型。结果显示，正常对照者的/s/频谱紧凑（5 - 11千赫兹）、能量强，在6千赫兹和10千赫兹处有强烈、尖锐的频谱峰值占主导。他们的频谱对语境敏感。发齿化音的受试者频谱较平坦、峰值较少、频率较高（6 - 12千赫兹）且噪声频谱强度较低，对语境的敏感性也较低。发侧擦音/s/的受试者频谱范围较宽，为4 - 9或4 - 10千赫兹，其特点是峰值较小、数量较多，且截止频率比正常对照者低（约4千赫兹）。“其他/s/发音缺陷者差异非常大，因此没有出现一致的模式。然后根据不同类型摩擦噪声的发音方式对声学数据进行了讨论。
