Willer B, Goldberg B, Intagliata J, Kraus S
Am Fam Physician. 1980 Oct;22(4):139-43.
Increased concern for the rights of the handicapped has led to changes in the philosophy of treatment for the mentally retarded. Normalization means that the retarded child has the right to live in an environment that most encourages normalized behavior. This concept is often in opposition to institutionalization. The doctrine of least restrictive alternative requires treatment strategies that minimize the degree of infringement on patients' rights without jeopardizing the likelihood of positive outcomes.
对残疾人权利的日益关注导致了对智障人士治疗理念的转变。正常化意味着智障儿童有权生活在最能鼓励正常行为的环境中。这一概念常常与机构收容相对立。最少限制替代方案原则要求采用治疗策略，在不危及积极治疗效果可能性的前提下，尽量减少对患者权利的侵犯程度。
