Cartwright J, Arnold J M
J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1980 Jun;57:3-24.
In the post-gastrulation embryo of the Atlantic squid, Loligo pealei, the cells of the developing blastoderm are joined to each other by intercellular bridges which may provide a means of cytoplasmic communication between the cells. This paper describes an electron microscope survey of bridges in the developing blastoderm just prior to, and during, the onset of differentiation. The bridges are similar to those described in the gonadal tissue of many animal species and appear to result from incomplete cytokinesis followed by the disappearance of the spindle remnant. The bridges persist and chains of cells result which are generally branched and coiled. In the undifferentiated blastoderm the chains of cells show no apparent orientation to each other. However, in the apical blastoderm undergoing differentiation, chains of bridged cells appear to coincide closely with the developing mantle and shell gland primordia. The configuration a chain of cells assumes depends upon the degree of branching (i.e. the number of cells having three bridges) and the degree of coiling of the chain. Whereas coiling is probably affected by the crowding of neighboring cells, both branching and coiling appear to be functions of spindle orientation relative to previous bridges. During mitosis the bridges appear to become occluded by systems of transverse membranous cisternae, and mitotic nuclei are thus isolated. However, the bridges apparently re-open during G1, and during periods of protein synthesis the cells within a group share a common cytoplasm. It is suggested that gene products are shared and protein synthesis of the entire bridged group may be synchronized. As the sharing of control molecules may also be facilitated, these essentially syncytial groups may respond uniformly to inducers from the yolk syncytium, or other tissues and differentiation may be synchronized within the group.
在大西洋鱿鱼（Loligo pealei）原肠胚形成后的胚胎中，发育中的胚盘细胞通过细胞间桥相互连接，这些细胞间桥可能为细胞间的细胞质通讯提供了一种方式。本文描述了在分化开始前及分化过程中，对发育中的胚盘内细胞间桥进行的电子显微镜观察。这些细胞间桥与许多动物物种性腺组织中描述的细胞间桥相似，似乎是由于胞质分裂不完全，随后纺锤体残余物消失而形成的。细胞间桥持续存在，形成细胞链，这些细胞链通常是分支且盘绕的。在未分化的胚盘中，细胞链彼此之间没有明显的定向。然而，在正在分化的顶端胚盘中，由桥连接的细胞链似乎与发育中的外套膜和壳腺原基紧密重合。细胞链呈现的形态取决于分支程度（即具有三个桥的细胞数量）和链的盘绕程度。盘绕可能受相邻细胞拥挤程度的影响，而分支和盘绕似乎都是纺锤体相对于先前细胞间桥定向的功能。在有丝分裂期间，细胞间桥似乎被横向膜性池系统阻塞，有丝分裂细胞核因此被隔离。然而，细胞间桥显然在G1期重新开放，并且在蛋白质合成期间，一组内的细胞共享共同的细胞质。有人提出基因产物是共享的，整个由桥连接的细胞组的蛋白质合成可能是同步的。由于控制分子的共享也可能得到促进，这些本质上是多核体的细胞组可能对来自卵黄多核体或其他组织的诱导物做出统一反应，并且组内的分化可能是同步的。
