Savage-Rumbaugh E S, Rumbaugh D M, Smith S T, Lawson J
Science. 1980 Nov 21;210(4472):922-5. doi: 10.1126/science.7434008.
Three chimpanzees learned to label three edibles as "foods" and three inedibles as "tools". Two chimpanzees could then similarly categorize numerous objects during blind trial 1 tests when shown only objects' names. The language-like skills of the chimpanzee who failed (Lana) illustrates that apes can use symbols in ways that emulate human usage without comprehending their representational function.
三只黑猩猩学会将三种可食用的东西标记为“食物”，将三种不可食用的东西标记为“工具”。然后，在盲测1中，当只展示物体的名称时，另外两只黑猩猩能够以同样的方式对众多物体进行分类。未成功完成任务的黑猩猩（拉娜）的类似语言的技能表明，猿类可以以模仿人类使用方式的方式使用符号，而无需理解其表征功能。
