Differential regenerative response of Purkinje cell and inferior olivary axons confronted with embryonic grafts: environmental cues versus intrinsic neuronal determinants.

Regeneration of severed central axons is supposed to depend on two factors: a permissive local environment and the particular intrinsic properties of axotomized neurones. To assess the role of each of these factors in axonal regeneration, the capability of two particular axon populations of the adult mouse cerebellum to grow into target-specific (cerebellum) and target-unspecific (neocortex) embryonic grafts was determined. Purkinje cell and inferior olivary axons were transected by passing a microscalpel through the axial white matter of the cerebellar folia, particularly those of the anterior lobe. Immediately after the injury, solid transplants were placed in the lesion cavity. Purkinje cell axons were labelled by using anticalbindin immunocytochemistry, and olivocerebellar fibres were visualized by biotinylated dextran amine anterograde axonal tracing. Following axotomy, Purkinje cell axons appeared as thickened processes ending with large terminal clubs. Their morphology and number did not change up to the longest survival time considered (2 months), thereby confirming previous demonstrations that Purkinje cells survive axon injury (I. Dusart and C. Sotelo, 1994, J. Comp. Neurol. 347:211-232). Inferior olivary axons were thinner and bore smaller terminal bulbs. When embryonic cerebellar grafts, containing cortical and deep nuclear precursors, were placed close to the injured axons, olivocerebellar fibres vigorously regenerated into the transplants and ended in new climbing fibres along the dendrites of grafted Purkinje cells. By contrast, host Purkinje cell axons never showed any outgrowth towards the graft. Similarly, these axons failed to regenerate into grafts containing solely the rostromedial portion of the cerebellar anlage, mostly consisting of deep nuclear neurones, their main targets. Comparable results were obtained by transplanting embryonic neocortical tissue: inferior olivary axons also regenerated into the grafts, although with distinct terminal arbours without the climbing fibre phenotype, whereas Purkinje cell axons always failed to grow. These results provide the first direct demonstration that severed inferior olivary axons are able to regenerate. In addition, they show that the growth-permissive/-promoting conditions created by embryonic nervous tissue are not sufficient to induce the regeneration of every axonal type and allow us to hypothesise that successful regeneration depends on the interplay between environmental cues and intrinsic properties of the axotomized neurones.