Problems in the introduction of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment.

The use and release of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) into the environment, usually the agricultural environment, is increasing exponentially. Potential applications of GEMs include crop production, pest management, degradation of environmental pollutants, mining and mineral recovery, and others. Several strategies of molecular and cellular biotechnology, such as recombinant DNA techniques, nuclear microinjection and cell fusion may be used to modify bacteria and fungi for useful purposes. The benefits expected from release of genetically engineered microorganisms, if safely applied, might be substantial in various fields. However, a safe introduction of GEMs into the environment requires full environmental and ecological risks assessment. Because of the wide scope of genetic engineering targets this review will focus on the application of GEMs potentially useful in agricultural practices (crop nutrition, pest and disease control) and ecological problems associated with the introduction of alien microorganisms into the environment.