Analysis of the joining sequences of the t(15;17) translocation in human acute promyelocytic leukemia: sequence non-specific recombination between the PML and RARA genes within identical short stretches.

Molecular analysis of the t(15;17) translocation in 70 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) confirmed that the breakpoints of chromosome 15 were located in two regions of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene, mainly introns 3 and 6, whereas the breakpoints of chromosome 17 were consistently in intron 2 of the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene. To study the reason for the clustering of the breakpoints and the underlying mechanism of the chromosomal translocation, we characterized the joining sequences of der(15) and der (17) by polymerase chain reaction in samples from eight patients with APL. There was no cluster of the breakpoints within the introns, and no consensus sequence-motif was found around them. One or nine extra nucleotides were inserted into two joining sites. There were identical stretches of one to seven nucleotides between the PML and RARA genes in the majority of the joining sequences. These data provide a potential model of the t(15;17) translocation: random DNA double strand cleavage, modification of DNA ends by enzymes including terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and single strand base-pairing within identical short stretches. Furthermore, APL develops only when the PML and RARA genes are rearranged, within restricted genomic regions and a functional PML-RARA chimeric product is produced, and this might lead to a clustering of the breakpoints.