Texier L, Géniaux M, Tamisier J M, Delaunay M M, Plante C
Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1978 Nov;105(11):913-9.
Cutaneous metastases are seldom encountered in digestive cancers. The mechanism of their formation explains their low rate. The metastases spread mainly by the lymphatic system (especially in diffuse, spotty or pseudo-elephantiasic forms and in regional forms), however numerous lymph node filters found through out the lymphatic system limit the progression of neoplasic cells. On the contrary, metastases most often spread by retrograde involvement due to blocking of the lymphatic system. As for hematogenous metastases (generalized nodular forms or aberrant localizations), they are observed even less frequently than lymphatic ones; metastatic embolisms may effectively become blocked in capillaries, especially in the lungs and the liver, which constitutes a double barrier before the skin may be involved.
皮肤转移瘤在消化系统癌症中很少见。其形成机制解释了其低发生率。转移主要通过淋巴系统进行（特别是弥漫性、斑点状或假性象皮肿样以及区域性转移），然而，在整个淋巴系统中发现的众多淋巴结滤过器会限制肿瘤细胞的进展。相反，转移瘤最常因淋巴系统阻塞而通过逆行累及发生扩散。至于血行转移（全身性结节状或异常定位），其发生率甚至比淋巴转移更低；转移栓子可能有效地在毛细血管中被阻滞，尤其是在肺和肝脏中，这在皮肤受累之前构成了双重屏障。
