Macroscopic observations of mammary glands and teats of Japanese serows, Capricornis crispus, with special reference to past gestation.

Mammary glands and teats were examined to estimate the reproductive history of Japanese serows. The presence of milk was an indicator of reproduction in the previous year. The thickness of the mammary glands is indicative of their function. The females whose mammary glands are more than 10 mm thick may be regarded as having delivered half a year before. The distance between teats is not always indicative of the function of the mammary glands. Animals with teats 10 mm or less in length and those with teats longer than 10 mm may be judged to be nulliparous and multiparous, respectively.