Wolff H P, Wolff J
Pflege. 1995 Sep;8(3):265-72.
The first examples of nurse training, beginning in Vienna in 1812 and in Berlin in 1832, demonstrate that research in nursing-history must explore primary sources which are still in existence, in order to counteract current cliche and perhaps even develop completely new insights into historical accounts. Nursing literature in Austria did not start will the textbook by Billroth (1st edition 1881), but with the textbook by Maximilian Florian Schmidt, same publisher, 50 years earlier. His professorship was not held in the University but in what would not be a technical school. The textbook by Schmidt, and not that by Franz Anton Mai (1782), provided the submission for the curriculum which Dieffenbach made available to the school opened in Berlin in 1832. Dieffenbach was given the title of "Professor" for his services to "the improvement of nursing" and not for his pioneer work in plastic and orthopedic surgery. It was not Dieffenbach's curriculum but the 1837 revision of the work of Gedike, who was not a pupil of Dieffenbach's, which was used by the ministery responsible for the Board of Trustees of the hospital, for the state controlled course of nursing education. This educational programme was not less optional than that statutorily controlled one from 1907 onwards.
最早的护士培训实例始于1812年的维也纳和1832年的柏林，这表明护理史研究必须探索现存的原始资料，以对抗当前的陈词滥调，甚至可能对历史记载产生全新的见解。奥地利的护理文献并非始于比尔罗特的教科书（1881年第一版），而是早在50年前由同一家出版社出版的马克西米利安·弗洛里安·施密特的教科书。他担任教授的职位并非在大学，而是在一所后来才成为技术学校的机构。施密特的教科书，而非弗朗茨·安东·迈（1782年）的教科书，为迪芬巴赫于1832年在柏林开办的学校提供了课程内容。迪芬巴赫因其对“护理改善”的贡献而被授予“教授”头衔，而非因其在整形和矫形外科的开创性工作。负责医院董事会的部门在国家控制的护理教育课程中使用的不是迪芬巴赫的课程，而是1837年对格迪克著作的修订版，格迪克并非迪芬巴赫的学生。这个教育项目的选修性并不比1907年起法定控制的项目少。
