Symonds B
Birmingham and Solihull College of Nursing and Midwifery, England.
J Adv Nurs. 1995 Jul;22(1):94-100. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.22010094.x.
This paper explores the origins of insane asylums in 19th century England by comparing the official 'received' medically dominated perspective with an alternative sociological perspective. The major structural changes in provision are addressed as the focus for analysing the differing histories. A brief review is presented of the responses to insane people prior to the national asylum programme following the 1845 Lunacy Act, and of the reform logic that underpinned asylum care. The alternative sociological perspective presents the origins of psychiatric asylums as part of the social and economic changes occurring generally at that time. As such the origins of insane asylums are presented as part of a state-guided 'sanitary' movement which included poor, criminal and insane people within its remit. The effect of state-guided correction was the segregation of insane people from both the general population and other deviants who were formerly classed together. Insane people are thus presented as a group of deviants who departed most radically from the 'rational individualist' qualities of self-control, predictability and responsibility required in the industrialized world of capital social relations that emerged during the last century.
本文通过将官方“公认的”医学主导观点与另一种社会学观点进行比较，探讨了19世纪英国精神病院的起源。作为分析不同历史的重点，文中探讨了收容设施的主要结构变化。简要回顾了1845年《精神错乱法》实施后国家收容计划之前对精神病人的应对措施，以及作为收容护理基础的改革逻辑。另一种社会学观点认为，精神病院的起源是当时普遍发生的社会和经济变革的一部分。因此，精神病院的起源被视为国家主导的“卫生”运动的一部分，该运动的职权范围包括贫困人口、罪犯和精神病人。国家主导的矫正措施的效果是将精神病人与普通人群以及其他以前被归为一类的越轨者隔离开来。因此，精神病人被视为一群越轨者，他们与上个世纪出现的资本主义社会关系工业化世界中所需的自我控制、可预测性和责任感等“理性个人主义”品质背离得最为彻底。
