O'Reilly L M, Daborn C J
Veterinary Research Laboratory, Abbotstown, Castleknock, Ireland.
Tuber Lung Dis. 1995 Aug;76 Suppl 1:1-46. doi: 10.1016/0962-8479(95)90591-x.
Tuberculosis is primarily a respiratory disease and transmission of infection within and between species is mainly by the airborne route. Mycobacterium bovis, the cause of bovine-type tuberculosis, has an exceptionally wide host range. Susceptible species include cattle, humans, non-human primates, goats, cats dogs, pigs, buffalo, badgers, possums, deer and bison. Many susceptible species, including man, are spillover hosts in which infection is not self-maintaining. In countries where there is transmission of infection from endemically infected wildlife populations to cattle or other farmed animals, eradication is not feasible and control measures must be applied indefinitely. Possible methods of limiting spread of infection from wildlife to cattle including the use of vaccines are outlined. The usefulness of DNA fingerprinting of M. bovis strains as an epidemiological tool and of BCG vaccination of humans and cattle as a control measure are reviewed. The factors determining susceptibility to infection and clinical disease, and the infectiousness of infected hosts and transmission of infection, are detailed. Reports of the epidemiology of M. bovis infections in man and a variety of animal species are reviewed. M. bovis infection was recognised as a major public health problem when this organism was transmitted to man via milk from infected cows. The introduction of pasteurization helped eliminate this problem. Those occupational groups working with M. bovis infected cattle or deer, on the farm or in the slaughter house, are more likely to develop pulmonary disease than alimentary disease. In recent years, tuberculosis in farmed cervidae has become a disease of economic as well as public health importance in several countries. Nowadays, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with a greatly increased risk of overt disease in humans infected with Myobacterium tuberculosis. It is believed this increased risk also occurs in the case of M. bovis infections in humans.
结核病主要是一种呼吸道疾病，种内和种间的感染传播主要通过空气传播途径。牛型结核分枝杆菌是牛型结核病的病原体，具有异常广泛的宿主范围。易感物种包括牛、人类、非人灵长类动物、山羊、猫、狗、猪、水牛、獾、负鼠、鹿和野牛。许多易感物种，包括人类，都是溢出宿主，感染在其中无法自我维持。在存在从地方性感染的野生动物种群向牛或其他养殖动物传播感染的国家，根除是不可行的，必须无限期地采取控制措施。概述了限制野生动物向牛传播感染的可能方法，包括使用疫苗。综述了牛型结核分枝杆菌菌株的DNA指纹图谱作为一种流行病学工具的用途，以及人类和牛接种卡介苗作为一种控制措施的用途。详细阐述了决定感染易感性和临床疾病的因素，以及受感染宿主的传染性和感染传播情况。综述了人类和各种动物物种中牛型结核分枝杆菌感染的流行病学报告。当这种病原体通过受感染奶牛的牛奶传播给人类时，牛型结核分枝杆菌感染被认为是一个主要的公共卫生问题。巴氏杀菌法的引入有助于消除这个问题。那些在农场或屠宰场与感染牛型结核分枝杆菌的牛或鹿接触的职业群体，患肺病的可能性比患消化道疾病的可能性更大。近年来，养殖鹿的结核病在几个国家已成为一个具有经济和公共卫生重要性的疾病。如今，人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）与感染结核分枝杆菌的人类发生显性疾病的风险大幅增加有关。据信，在人类感染牛型结核分枝杆菌的情况下也会出现这种风险增加的情况。
