Livingston E H, Reber H A
Veteran's Administration Medical Centers, West Los Angeles, California, USA.
Curr Opin Gen Surg. 1993:294-8.
Pancreatic carcinoma remains a significant cause of cancer death worldwide. In spite of more effective diagnostic techniques, most patients still have advanced and incurable disease when the diagnosis is made. Treatments differ depending on the extent of the disease at presentation, but accurate staging preoperatively is difficult. The Whipple procedure is now done with an operative mortality of 5% or less. More effective means of nonoperative palliation are being developed. Adjuvant therapy is still largely ineffective.
胰腺癌仍然是全球癌症死亡的一个重要原因。尽管有了更有效的诊断技术，但大多数患者在确诊时仍患有晚期且无法治愈的疾病。治疗方法因疾病出现时的范围而异，但术前准确分期很困难。目前进行的惠普尔手术的手术死亡率为5%或更低。正在开发更有效的非手术姑息治疗方法。辅助治疗在很大程度上仍然无效。
