Brunner R
Kinder- und Neuroorthopädische Universitätsklinik, Kinderspital, Basel.
Orthopade. 1995 Jun;24(3):246-51.
Each muscle consists of a tendon, the aponeuroses and the muscle fibers. Because of the anatomical architecture a force functionally adapted to the joint motion is generated by the muscle. If the functional length changes, the muscle adapts by altering the number of sarcomeres in a series. If the tendon is elongated without changing the functional range of motion at which the muscle is active on the joint, the passive tension is decreased. As a result, the number of sarcomeres in a series is reduced. The muscle produces less force and the range of active force production is narrowed. If by elongating the tendon, however, the functional range of motion of the muscle at the joint is moved and the tension remains unchanged, the muscle force can be preserved. A tendon transfer affects the muscle in a similar way. If the length of the muscle (and the tension) remains unchanged, the muscle force will be preserved. This prerequisite is fulfilled even better the more the architecture of the replacing muscle equals what is being replaced.
每块肌肉都由肌腱、腱膜和肌纤维组成。由于解剖结构的原因，肌肉会产生一种与关节运动功能相适应的力。如果功能长度发生变化，肌肉会通过改变串联肌节的数量来适应。如果肌腱被拉长而不改变肌肉在关节上活动的功能运动范围，被动张力就会降低。结果，串联肌节的数量会减少。肌肉产生的力量会减小，主动发力的范围也会变窄。然而，如果通过拉长肌腱，使肌肉在关节处的功能运动范围发生移动且张力保持不变，肌肉力量就能得以保留。肌腱转移对肌肉的影响方式与此类似。如果肌肉的长度（和张力）保持不变，肌肉力量就能得以保留。替代肌肉的结构与被替代肌肉的结构越相似，就越能更好地满足这一前提条件。
