Induction of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor expression during myogenesis. Activation of the gene by MyoD and localization of the transmembrane form of the protein on the myotube surface.

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) gene expression and protein localization were analyzed during the process of myogenic differentiation. The mouse HB-EGF gene was isolated, and a 1.8-kilobase genomic fragment flanking the 5' end of the cDNA was cloned. This fragment contains two sequences which match the consensus CANNTG sequence for E-boxes, binding sites for the MyoD family of DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate myogenesis. Accordingly, HB-EGF synthesis was analyzed in 10T1/2 cells and C2C12 cells which are used commonly for the study of myogenesis. HB-EGF gene expression was upregulated in both cell types during myogenesis. In 10T1/2 cells, direct activation of HB-EGF gene expression by MyoD was shown in that: i) transient transfection of these cells with a plasmid expressing MyoD resulted in a 10-20-fold increase in endogenous HB-EGF mRNA levels; ii) co-transfection of MyoD and an HB-EGF promoter-reporter plasmid resulted in a 5-10-fold increase in reporter activity, an increase that was abrogated by deletion of a putative HB-EGF proximal E-box sequence; and iii) incubation of MyoD protein with a 25-base pair double-stranded oligonucleotide corresponding to the HB-EGF proximal E-box sequence resulted in retarded electrophoretic mobility of the oligonucleotide. In C2C12 cells, differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes resulted in a 40-50-fold increase in HB-EGF promoter activity. In addition, immunostaining and laser confocal microscopy detected HB-EGF protein in C2C12 myotubes but not in myoblasts. The HB-EGF produced was in its transmembrane form and localized to the myotube surface. Taken together, it was concluded that during skeletal muscle cell differentiation, MyoD plays a direct role in activating HB-EGF gene expression and that HB-EGF protein is expressed preferentially in myotubes and in its membrane-anchored form.