Osguthorpe N C, Morgan E P
Community Health Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, Charleston, USA.
Nurse Pract. 1995 Jun;20(6):52-4, 64-5.
Despite notoriously low immunization levels among children in the United States in recent decades, provisional statistics for 1994 are encouraging. This may be related to several recent governmental initiatives that have focused attention on immunizations. A new vaccination schedule, effective January 1995, marked major progress in the clarification of immunization guidelines. This article discusses current recommendations for both pediatric and adult immunizations. The text includes information about the current incidence of communicable diseases, recent governmental policies affecting availability of vaccines, standards for immunization practice, and guidelines for storage and handling of vaccines. A table outlines recommended vaccines in the following areas: 1) vaccine antigen, dose, and route, 2) routine schedule for administration, 3) precautions and contraindications, 4) adverse reactions, 5) serious adverse reactions, and 6) education.
尽管近几十年来美国儿童的免疫接种率一直低得惊人，但1994年的临时统计数据却令人鼓舞。这可能与近期政府的多项举措有关，这些举措将注意力集中在了免疫接种上。1995年1月生效的新疫苗接种时间表在明确免疫接种指南方面取得了重大进展。本文讨论了目前针对儿童和成人免疫接种的建议。文中包括了关于传染病当前发病率、影响疫苗供应的近期政府政策、免疫接种实践标准以及疫苗储存和处理指南的信息。一张表格概述了以下方面推荐的疫苗：1）疫苗抗原、剂量和接种途径，2）常规接种时间表，3）预防措施和禁忌证，4）不良反应，5）严重不良反应，以及6）教育。
