Caffrey M, Wang J
Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1173, USA.
Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 1995;24:351-77. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002031.
The principle and unique features of X-ray standing waves as a means for investigating membrane structure are described in this review. Thus far, X-ray standing waves have been used in structural studies of Langmuir-Blodgett and self-assembled monomolecular lipid films. Most recently, the method has been used in studies of supported membranes hosting the peripheral membrane protein, cytochrome c. Structural rearrangements occurring in membranes and at surfaces driven by temperature and composition changes have been monitored as well. Finally, ion distribution in the diffuse-double layer next to a charged membrane has been determined using this approach. The review addresses the manner in which these and related measurements were made. What is not covered in the review is a critical appraisal of the limitations of the X-ray standing wave method. Such limitations (which are pronounced and introduce significant mensuration ambiguities at short distances on silver mirrors as used in the membrane protein topology study) have just recently come to our attention and will be reported on separately (S Kirchner, Z Yin, J Wang & M Caffrey, in preparation).
本综述介绍了X射线驻波作为研究膜结构手段的原理和独特特性。迄今为止，X射线驻波已用于朗缪尔-布洛杰特膜和自组装单分子脂质膜的结构研究。最近，该方法已用于研究承载外周膜蛋白细胞色素c的支撑膜。由温度和成分变化驱动的膜和表面发生的结构重排也已得到监测。最后，使用这种方法确定了带电膜附近扩散双电层中的离子分布。本综述阐述了进行这些及相关测量的方式。本综述未涉及对X射线驻波方法局限性的批判性评估。这些局限性（在膜蛋白拓扑研究中使用的银镜上短距离处明显且引入了显著的测量模糊性）最近才引起我们的注意，将另行报告（S·基尔希纳、尹Z、王J和M·卡弗里，正在准备中）。
