Analysis of multiple gap junction gene products in the rodent and human mammary gland.

The expression and localization of three different connexins (alpha 1, Cx43; beta 1, Cx32; and beta 2, Cx26) were analyzed in human, mouse, and rat mammary glands by PCR analysis of reverse-transcribed RNA (RT-PCR) and indirect immunohistochemistry. For the rodent mammary gland, the study included different physiological stages of development during nonpregnancy, pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning. RT-PCR amplification revealed a constitutive expression of RNA for alpha 1 connexin in all three species. In contrast, both beta 1 and beta 2 transcripts were expressed only during lactation in the rodent mammary gland. Specifically, immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of all three connexins was restricted to specific cell types, and it varied according to the physiological activity of the organ. In particular, alpha 1 antigen was detected only between myoepithelial cells, the contractile cells surrounding alveoli and ductal systems in the mammary gland, while beta 1 and beta 2 antigens were localized solely at the basolateral border of alveolar secretory cells. The level of beta 1 and beta 2 connexins was increased in the rodent mammary gland during lactation. No staining for either beta connexin was detected in human mammary gland or in that of nonpregnant, pregnant, or postweaning rodents. The inducible coexpression of beta 1 and beta 2 antigens in luminal cells of the lactating rodent suggests a possible role for these connexins in the coordination of the secretory epithelium.