Functional evidence equating the pharmacologically-defined alpha 1A- and cloned alpha 1C-adrenoceptor: studies in the isolated perfused kidney of rat.

1. The present study characterizes and classifies alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused kidney of rat using quantitative receptor pharmacology and compares the results to radioligand binding studies (made in cloned alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes, native alpha 1A-adrenoceptors in submaxillary gland of rat, and alpha 1A-adrenoceptors in several other tissues of rat). 2. Concentration-effect curves to noradrenaline in the presence of 5-methyl-urapidil were biphasic, indicating alpha 1-adrenoceptor heterogeneity. The alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype mediating the first phase (low affinity for 5-methyl-urapidil) could not be 'isolated' for detailed pharmacological characterization but was defined by a sensitivity to inhibition by chloroethylclonidine and an inability of methoxamine to activate the site. Additionally, vasoconstriction mediated by this alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype or subtypes was abolished by nitrendipine (1 microM), thereby allowing characterization of the second, high affinity site for 5-methyl-urapidil. 3. The following antagonists interacted competitively with noradrenaline at the alpha 1-adrenoceptor for which 5-methyl-urapidil exhibits high affinity (pKB value): WB 4101 (10.3) > prazosin (9.5) approximately HV 723 (9.3) approximately 5-methyl-urapidil (9.2) > phenotolamine (8.6) > spiperone (pA2 = 8.1) approximately oxymetazoline (7.9). In contrast, insurmountable antagonism was seen with S(+)- and R(-)-niguldipine, the S(+)-isomer being approximately 30 fold more potent than the R(-)-isomer. Receptor protection experiments indicated that S(+)-niguldipine interacted directly with alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Dehydroniguldipine acted as a competitive antagonist (pKB = 9.0). Thus, the results with antagonists define the alpha 1-adrenoceptor as an alpha 1A-adrenoceptor. 4. An agonist 'fingerprint' was constructed in the presence of nitrendipine to define further the alpha 1A-adrenoceptor. The following order and relativity of agonist potency was obtained: cirazoline (1) approximately adrenaline (2) > noradrenaline (5) > phenylephrine (23) approximately amidephrine (31) > methoxamine (71) >> isoprenaline (1456) approximately dopamine (2210). 5. A high correlative association was shown between the affinity of antagonists obtained functionally in the isolated perfused kidney of rat and pKi values obtained from binding experiments with the cloned bovine alpha 1C-adrenoceptor (R2 = 0.85), native alpha 1A-adrenoceptors in submaxillary gland of rat (R2 = 0.79), and alpha 1A-adrenoceptors from several other tissues of rat (values taken from the literature, R2 = 0.89). 6. The present study demonstrates that the alpha 1A-adrenoceptor is the predominant alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype mediating vasoconstrictor responses to exogenously administered noradrenaline in the isolated perfused kidney of rat. More importantly, alpha 1A-adrenoceptors mediating vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline exhibited a pharmacological equivalency to the cloned bovine alpha 1 c-adrenoceptor. Thus,definitive functional pharmacological data are provided for equating the two receptors and support results derived recently from molecular and radioligand binding studies.