Ontogeny of growth hormone (GH)-secreting cells during chicken embryonic development: initial somatotrophs are responsive to GH-releasing hormone.

In the present study, a reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA) for chicken GH was established and used to study the ontogeny of somatotroph differentiation and functional responsiveness to GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) during chicken embryonic development. Anterior pituitaries from embryos on days 10, 12, 14, and 16 of incubation were isolated and dissociated into single cells with trypsin. The resulting cells were then subjected to the GH plaque assay under basal and GHRH-stimulated conditions. No GH-releasing cells were detected on day 10 or 12 of embryonic development. In contrast, a few somatotrophs (< 2% of all cells) were consistently found on day 14, and a statistically significant population existed on day 16, when 6.3 +/- 1.4% of all anterior pituitary cells secreted GH. Thus, GH-secreting cells differentiated by embryonic day 16. Treatment of pituitary cells from day 16 embryos with GHRH was found to increase the proportion of GH plaque-forming cells during a shortened assay interval from 1.8 +/- 0.3% under basal conditions to 6.7 +/- 1.2% in the presence of GHRH. This nearly 4-fold increase in the proportion of plaque-forming cells indicates that at least 70% of the initial somatotrophs present on day 16 were responsive to the stimulatory effects of GHRH. To test whether the absence of GH cells on day 12 of embryonic development was due to the presence of cells that produced but did not release GH, pituitary cells from day 12 and day 16 embryos were subjected to immunocytochemistry for GH and to the GH RHPA in parallel. No significant differences were found in the percentage of cells that either contained or released GH on the two embryonic ages tested. On day 12, 1.1 +/- 0.8% of all cells contained GH, as determined by immunocytochemistry, whereas 0.5 +/- 0.5% released GH as determined by RHPA. By day 16, the proportions of cells that contained and released GH had increased to 9.5 +/- 0.6 and 11.2 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that GH-secreting cells differentiate by day 16 of chicken embryonic development and that these initial somatotrophs are responsive to GHRH. Given that growth and metabolism are regulated in part by GH in chick embryos, these findings suggest that these processes may be under hypothalamic control during late embryonic development in the chicken.