Microvascular dysfunction after myocardial ischemia.

Endothelium-mediated relaxation and smooth muscle function in large coronary arteries are resistant to prolonged global ischemia. We used a small-vessel myograph to test the hypothesis that small intramyocardial artery endothelium and smooth muscle function have greater sensitivity to ischemic injury than large artery endothelium and smooth muscle. Normothermic global ischemia was induced in 15 porcine hearts. Intramyocardial arterial ring segments were assessed at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes of ischemia in vitro with a small-vessel myograph. Potassium determined smooth muscle contraction, bradykinin endothelium-mediated relaxation, and sodium nitroprusside direct smooth muscle relaxation. Endothelium-mediated relaxation after 30 minutes of ischemia was similar to control (56% versus 66%) but was impaired at 60, 90, and 120 minutes of ischemia (32%, 11%, and 6%). Smooth muscle contraction was unchanged at 30 and 60 minutes compared with control (56 and 53 versus 63 mm Hg) but was significantly decreased at 90 and 120 minutes (33 and 13 mm Hg). Direct smooth muscle relaxation was significantly decreased at 120 minutes of ischemia compared with control (58% versus 95%). In a previous study, epicardial coronary artery endothelium-mediated smooth muscle vasodilation and direct smooth muscle vasodilation were preserved until 160 minutes of ischemia. After 160 minutes of ischemia, endothelium-mediated relaxation was lost and only direct smooth muscle vasodilation was preserved. In contrast to vasodilation, vasoconstriction was significantly reduced at 140 minutes of ischemia. These data indicate a greater and earlier adverse effect of ischemia on intramyocardial arterial endothelium-mediated relaxation than smooth muscle contraction or relaxation. These data support the hypothesis that there is an early functional endothelial cell injury associated with global ischemia. Relaxation that is endothelium-dependent in intramyocardial arteries is more sensitive to ischemic injury than in epicardial arteries. Unique to this study was the evaluation of small intramyocardial arteries (281 +/- 29 microns) that are the primary sites of coronary vascular resistance. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction after ischemia, therefore, may contribute to the "no-reflow phenomenon" seen during reperfusion injury.