Keller H
Institut für Klinische Chemie der Universität Zürich.
Ther Umsch. 1995 May;52(5):298-305.
Approximately since 1945, progress in the field of photometric analysis also found its way into the laboratories of clinical chemistry. These techniques almost completely replaced the then prevailing gravimetric and titrimetric methods. At the same epoch, many of the biochemical reagents which up to then had to be prepared by the clinical laboratories themselves with great expenditure of work became commercially available. The increasing number of analytical orders could only be mastered thanks to the newly developed analyzers. Novel microliter techniques made it possible to diminish drastically the volumes of samples and reagents necessary. The radioimmunoassay opened up new analytical dimensions, the limits of detection and of quantification were expanded downwards to the picomol range. Soon afterwards, enzymes and/or fluorochromes were used as markers in immunoassays. The development of monoclonal antibodies constituted further important progress in this field. The latest revolutionary invention is doubtlessly the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and related techniques. These methods are bound to bring about fundamental change not only in clinical chemistry but in the medical laboratory diagnostics in general.
大约自1945年以来，光度分析领域的进展也进入了临床化学实验室。这些技术几乎完全取代了当时盛行的重量法和滴定法。同一时期，许多此前临床实验室必须花费大量精力自行制备的生化试剂开始商业化供应。多亏了新开发的分析仪，才得以处理日益增加的分析订单。新型微升技术使得大幅减少所需样品和试剂的体积成为可能。放射免疫分析开辟了新的分析维度，检测和定量限向下扩展到皮摩尔范围。不久之后，酶和/或荧光染料被用作免疫分析中的标记物。单克隆抗体的开发是该领域的又一重要进展。毫无疑问，最新的革命性发明是聚合酶链反应（PCR）及相关技术。这些方法必将不仅给临床化学，而且给整个医学实验室诊断带来根本性变革。
