Immunomodulation by cytokine antisense oligonucleotides.

The cytokine network is involved in normal immune reaction and in the progression of several pathologies. Antisense (AS) oligonucleotides, which allow specific inhibition of expression of proteins, offer a new methodology to investigate this complex network. This review focuses on the use of AS to modulate cytokine expression. AS may act in different ways such as blocking fixation or progression of the ribosome along the mRNA, mRNA cleavage by RNase H, or preventing normal RNA maturation. In order to improve AS efficiency, chemical modifications have been developed, and improvement of oligonucleotide uptake has been achieved with different systems of vectorization including liposomes (neutral, cationic, immunoliposome), nanoparticles, or covalent attachment of a carrier. In oncogenesis, intracellular or extracellular autocrine loops have been demonstrated by the use of cytokine AS. Involvement of cytokines in immunological reactions (TH1 and TH2 subset, IgE response, lymphokine activated killer, cytotoxic T lymphocyte...) and in hematopoiesis have also been studied with this approach. Therapeutic application of AS has been suggested by inhibition of inflammatory cytokines in vivo. Clinical trials using AS are under investigation in virological and in oncological diseases. At present, cytokine antisenses primarily represent a tool for dissecting the function of a cytokine in vitro, but they may offer in the future a new way for immunomodulation intervention.