Male reproductive surgery.

Copulation failure in food animals can be economically devastating to producers. Many pathological conditions can result in the inability of an animal to breed. In this article, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of penile and preputial injuries and anomalies, and inguinal hernias are presented. Surgical procedures are described for castration, seminal vesiculitis, circumcision, preputial diverticulectomy, penile hematoma, inguinal herniorrhaphy, phallorrhaphy, correction of filling defects of the corpus cavernosum, fibropapilloma, persistent penile frenulum, penile hair ring, and urethral fistulae.