Pauli P, Lutzenberger W, Rau H, Birbaumer N, Rickard T C, Yaroush R A, Bourne L E
University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, FRG.
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1994 Jul;2(1):21-9. doi: 10.1016/0926-6410(94)90017-5.
Recent behavioral investigations indicate that the processes underlying mental arithmetic change systematically with practice from deliberate, conscious calculation to automatic, direct retrieval of answers from memory [Bourne, L.E.Jr. and Rickard, T.C., Mental calculation: The development of a cognitive skill, Paper presented at the Interamerican Congress of Psychology, San Jose, Costa Rica, 1991: Psychol. Rev., 95 (1988) 492-527]. Results reviewed by Moscovitch and Winocur [In: The handbook of aging and cognition, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1992, pp. 315-372] suggest that consciously controlled processes are more dependent on frontal lobe function than are automatic processes. It is appropriate, therefore to determine whether transitions in the locus of primary brain activity occur with practice on mental calculation. In this experiment, we examine the relationship between characteristics of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and mental arithmetic. Single-digit mental multiplication problems varying in difficulty (problem size) were used, and subjects were trained on these problems for four sessions. Problem-size and practice effects were reliably found in behavioral measures (RT). The ERP was characterized by a pronounced late positivity after task presentation followed by a slow wave, and a negativity during response indication. These components responded differentially to the practice and problem-size manipulations. Practice mainly affected topography of the amplitude of positivity and offset latency of slow wave, and problem-size mainly offset latency of slow wave and pre-response negativity. Fronto-central positivity diminished from session to session, and the focus of positivity centered finally at centro-parietal regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
最近的行为研究表明，心算背后的过程会随着练习而系统地变化，从刻意、有意识的计算转变为自动、直接从记忆中提取答案[伯恩，小L.E.和里卡德，T.C.，心算：一种认知技能的发展，在哥斯达黎加圣何塞举行的美洲心理学大会上发表的论文，1991年：《心理学评论》，95(1988)492 - 527]。莫斯科维奇和维诺库尔[载于《衰老与认知手册》，埃尔拉姆，新泽西州希尔斯代尔，1992年，第315 - 372页]回顾的结果表明，有意识控制的过程比自动过程更依赖额叶功能。因此，确定在心算练习过程中大脑主要活动部位是否发生转变是合适的。在本实验中，我们研究了事件相关脑电位(ERP)特征与心算之间的关系。使用了难度(问题大小)不同的个位数心算乘法问题，并且让受试者对这些问题进行了四个阶段的训练。在行为测量(反应时间)中可靠地发现了问题大小和练习效应。ERP的特征是任务呈现后有明显的晚期正波，随后是慢波，以及反应指示期间的负波。这些成分对练习和问题大小的操作有不同的反应。练习主要影响正波幅度的地形图和慢波的偏移潜伏期，问题大小主要影响慢波的偏移潜伏期和反应前负波。额中央正波在各阶段逐渐减小，正波的焦点最终集中在中央顶叶区域。(摘要截断于250字)
