Human proteasomes analysed with monoclonal antibodies.

The proteasome or multicatalytic endopeptidase from eukaryotic cells consists of at least 14 subunits that fall into two families, alpha and beta. Subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies against ten different subunits of human proteasomes have been produced, together with an antibody that reacts with a motif (prosbox 1), common to alpha-type subunits. Four of the subunit-specific antibodies were able to precipitate proteasomes. The subunit composition of HeLa-cell proteasomes precipitated with these four different antibodies were identical, as judged from two-dimensional electrophoresis. One of the four antibodies was used to obtain proteasomes from cell lines (HeLa, Daudi, IMR90 and BSC-1) and human tissues (placenta, kidney, and liver). Electrophoretic analysis of these proteasomes, combined with peptide mapping of some subunits, suggests that they all contain 14 types of subunits as their major constituents. However, one subunit was present in two isoelectric isoforms in all cells examined. Two other subunits occurred in two or three isoelectric isoforms in placenta, liver and kidney, but not in the cell cultures. Extracts of human cells (HeLa, IMR90, Daudi and erythrocytes) were analysed by non-denaturing electrophoresis and immunoblotting. All of the 11 subunits detected by antibodies were present in a pair of ATP-stabilized protein complexes, presumed to be the 26 S proteinase, and in a doublet of complexes which migrated more slowly than purified proteasomes. Besides being present in proteasomes, one subunit was also found to occur in the free state in cell extracts.