Higgins E T, Liberman A
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.
Cogn Psychol. 1994 Dec;27(3):227-58. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1994.1017.
Memory errors occur when the context standard that is used when judging target behaviors is different from the category norm standard that is available later when the behaviors are recalled. Is insufficient awareness the reason for this change-of-standard effect? Two kinds of awareness were maximized in each of two studies: (a) awareness of the relation between the judgment and the context--telling subjects to be sure to use the non-target persons for comparison when judging the target person (salience); and (b) awareness at recall of the earlier judgmental context--asking subjects to recall the non-target persons before recalling the target person (reinstatement). Context reinstatement reduced memory errors. But when context reinstatement and salience were combined, the memory errors reappeared. In Study 2, an attempt at debiasing failed. The change-of-standard effect is explained in terms of a "natural" tendency to use the current categorical meaning of a judgment to reconstruct the referent of its past contextualized meaning.
当判断目标行为时所使用的情境标准与后来回忆这些行为时可用的类别规范标准不同时，就会出现记忆错误。意识不足是这种标准变化效应的原因吗？在两项研究中，分别将两种意识最大化：（a）对判断与情境之间关系的意识——告诉受试者在判断目标人物时一定要用非目标人物进行比较（显著度）；（b）回忆时对早期判断情境的意识——要求受试者在回忆目标人物之前先回忆非目标人物（情境恢复）。情境恢复减少了记忆错误。但当情境恢复和显著度结合时，记忆错误又重新出现。在研究2中，去偏差的尝试失败了。标准变化效应是根据一种“自然”倾向来解释的，即利用判断的当前类别意义来重构其过去情境化意义的指称对象。
