Grunberg N E
Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
Addiction. 1994 Nov;89(11):1443-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03741.x.
Key points are highlighted from five papers that address biological processes underlying the actions of opiates, CNS stimulants, nicotine, alcohol, and benzodiazepines. It is noteworthy that: (1) positive and negative reinforcement are common processes underlying actions of drugs of dependence; (2) dopaminergic systems in the ventral tegmental area of the brain seem to be involved in the positive reinforcement of drugs of dependence; (3) GABA also may be involved in this positive reinforcement; (4) receptor sensitization and desensitization may be involved in the actions of drugs of dependence; (5) noradrenalin, 5-HT, ACh, NMDA and corticosteroids also may be involved in drug dependence; (6) motivational systems and processes in addition to positive and negative reinforcement deserve increased research attention; and (7) there may be genetic-based individual differences in drug dependence processes.
从五篇论文中提炼出了关键要点，这些论文探讨了阿片类药物、中枢神经系统兴奋剂、尼古丁、酒精和苯二氮䓬类药物作用背后的生物学过程。值得注意的是：（1）正性和负性强化是依赖性药物作用的常见过程；（2）大脑腹侧被盖区的多巴胺能系统似乎参与了依赖性药物的正性强化；（3）γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）也可能参与这种正性强化；（4）受体敏化和脱敏可能参与依赖性药物的作用；（5）去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、乙酰胆碱（ACh）、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）和皮质类固醇也可能参与药物依赖；（6）除了正性和负性强化外，动机系统和过程值得更多的研究关注；（7）药物依赖过程中可能存在基于基因的个体差异。
