Zola-Morgan S, Squire L R, Ramus S J
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
Hippocampus. 1994 Aug;4(4):483-95. doi: 10.1002/hipo.450040410.
During the past decade, work with monkeys has helped identify the structures in the medial temporal lobe that are important for memory: the hippocampal region (including the hippocampus proper, the dentate gyrus, and the subicular complex) and adjacent cortical areas that are anatomically linked to the hippocampus, i.e., the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. One idea that has emerged from this work is that the severity of memory impairment might increase as more components of the medial temporal lobe are damaged. We have evaluated this idea directly by examining behavioral data from 30 monkeys (ten normal monkeys and 20 monkeys with bilateral lesions involving structures within the medial temporal lobe) that have completed testing on our standard memory battery during the last 10 years. The main finding was that the severity of memory impairment depended on the locus and extent of damage to the medial temporal lobe. Specifically, damage limited to the hippocampal region produced a mild memory impairment. More severe memory impairment was produced when the damage was increased to include the adjacent entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices (the H+ lesion). Finally, memory impairment was even more severe when the H+ lesion was extended forward to include the anterior entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex (H++ lesion). Taken together, these findings suggest that, whereas damage to the hippocampal region produces measurable memory impairment, a substantial part of the severe memory impairment produced by large medial temporal lobe lesions in humans and monkeys can be attributed to damage to entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices adjacent to the hippocampal region.
在过去十年中，对猴子的研究有助于确定内侧颞叶中对记忆至关重要的结构：海马区（包括海马本身、齿状回和海马旁复合体）以及在解剖学上与海马相连的相邻皮质区域，即内嗅皮质、嗅周皮质和海马旁皮质。从这项研究中得出的一个观点是，随着内侧颞叶更多组成部分受损，记忆障碍的严重程度可能会增加。我们通过检查30只猴子（10只正常猴子和20只双侧内侧颞叶结构受损的猴子）的行为数据直接评估了这一观点，这些猴子在过去10年中完成了我们标准记忆测试组合的测试。主要发现是，记忆障碍的严重程度取决于内侧颞叶损伤的部位和范围。具体而言，仅限于海马区的损伤会导致轻度记忆障碍。当损伤范围扩大到包括相邻的内嗅皮质和海马旁皮质（H+损伤）时，会产生更严重的记忆障碍。最后，当H+损伤向前扩展至包括前内嗅皮质和嗅周皮质（H++损伤）时，记忆障碍会更加严重。综上所述，这些发现表明，虽然海马区损伤会导致可测量的记忆障碍，但人类和猴子内侧颞叶大面积损伤所导致的严重记忆障碍的很大一部分可归因于海马区相邻的内嗅皮质、嗅周皮质和海马旁皮质的损伤。
