Gibbons R P, Monte J E, Correa R J, Mason J T
Urology. 1976 Sep;8(3):201-6. doi: 10.1016/0090-4295(76)90366-6.
Patients with renal cell carcinoma often have no specific localizing symptoms or signs, and their presentation will often involve many organ systems. Since 40 per cent of these patients do not have genitourinary symptoms, care must be taken to avoid being misled by normal findings on urinalysis. More than 50 per cent of patients with renal cell carcinoma have vague symptoms suggesting a gastrointestinal origin; thus if primary gastrointestinal studies do not disclose a cause for these symptoms, excretory urography must be included as a screening procedure.
肾细胞癌患者通常没有特定的定位症状或体征，其临床表现往往涉及多个器官系统。由于这些患者中有40%没有泌尿生殖系统症状，因此必须注意避免被尿液分析的正常结果误导。超过50%的肾细胞癌患者有提示胃肠道起源的模糊症状；因此，如果原发性胃肠道检查未发现这些症状的病因，则必须将排泄性尿路造影作为一种筛查程序。
