Variant forms of glucokinase gene in Japanese patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes.

We have applied the technique of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis to detect mutations of the glucokinase gene in 50 Japanese patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes and in 50 normal Japanese subjects. Out of the 50 patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes, we observed three kinds of variant patterns: one in exon 1b, one in exon 4, and one in exon 5. The incidence of these patterns was one in exon 1b, two in exon 4 and one in exon 5. Direct sequencing of exon 1b and exon 5 revealed mutations in intron areas at the 12th nucleotide downstream from the 5' splice points in two cases. Direct sequencing of exon 4 revealed a heterozygous silent mutation, CCC[Pro]-->CCG[Pro] at codon 145. In contrast, 50 normal Japanese subjects showed no variant patterns in any exons. Our results showed that although 8% (4 out of 50) of Japanese patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes have variant forms of the glucokinase gene, none is expected to cause apparent qualitative changes in glucokinase. We think that the frequency of mutations of the glucokinase gene which could cause qualitative change is very low in Japanese patients with late-onset type 2 diabetes.