Spatial and temporal distribution of corticosteroid-binding globulin and its messenger ribonucleic acid in embryonic and fetal mice.

Glucocorticoids influence fetal development, and their actions are regulated by plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were, therefore, used to localize CBG and its mRNA in sections of embryonic and fetal mice and their associated placental tissues from day 5 of gestation until term (day 19). In the fetus, CBG mRNA was first detectable in the hepatocytes on day 11 of gestation. The amount of CBG mRNA in these cells increased transiently to a maximum on days 15-16 of gestation and was negligible by day 19. In hepatocytes, CBG immunoreactivity correlated with the distribution and relative abundance of CBG mRNA. The fetal exocrine pancreas also contained CBG mRNA, but this was only present on days 15-16 of gestation, while immunoreactive CBG persisted in these cells until term. Immunoreactive CBG was detected in the tubular cells of the developing fetal kidney as early as day 13, but CBG mRNA was never found in the fetal kidney, suggesting that the protein is probably sequestered from fetal blood directly or via the glomerular filtrate. The placenta contained immunoreactive CBG throughout gestation, even before its detection in fetal tissues, and it was most abundant in the spongiotrophoblasts and the extracellular matrix surrounding fetal and maternal capillaries. However, CBG mRNA was not detected in the placenta at any gestational age. Therefore, CBG present in the placenta is most likely of maternal origin and may influence the activities of steroid hormones that control placental development and/or function. The presence of smaller immunoreactive polypeptides in placental extracts, compared to CBG in corresponding maternal serum samples, suggests that this process may involve an interaction between maternal CBG and placental proteinases. The results presented here suggest that temporal and spatial changes in the localization of CBG and its mRNA in the fetus may influence the effects of steroid hormones on developing tissues.