Inotropic agents.

When fluid administration is not sufficient to restore hemodynamic stability, inotropic agents may be given to restore the tissue perfusion pressure and to increase oxygen delivery (DO2) to the cells. Dopamine remains the drug of choice in the resuscitation of septic shock but norepinephrine can also have a place in the treatment of profound cardiovascular collapse or severe right ventricular failure. Dobutamine has become the inotropic agent of choice to increase DO2 to the tissues. Unfortunately, the beneficial effects of these agents on the extraction capabilities of the tissues are questionable. The potential of other adrenergic agents (such as dopexamine) or nonadrenergic agents (such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors) is also discussed in this article. Inotropic therapy should be guided not only by measurements of systemic BP but also by repeated assessments of the metabolic function of organs.