Barnard D R, Mount G A, Haile D G, Daniels E
Medical and Veterinary Entomology Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL 32604.
J Med Entomol. 1994 Jul;31(4):571-85. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/31.4.571.
Data on tick control and knowledge of the damage caused to beef cattle by tick feeding were incorporated into a computerized dynamic life table model (LSTSIM) for Amblyomma americanum (L.). Simulations were made to determine economically feasible, 5-yr integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for A. americanum in forage areas utilized by Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and crossbred cattle (B. taurus x B. indicus). The effects of host resistance, pasture rotation, habitat conversion, topical acaricides, systemic acaricides, and the area-wide application of acaricides to pastures on populations of parasitic female ticks were simulated as individual control technologies and as components of multiple-factor IPM strategies. The most effective, single-factor control strategy for A. americanum in beef cattle forage areas is the use of tick-resistant B. indicus cattle. Pasture rotation combined with area-wide acaricide applications was the only economically feasible IPM strategy for B. indicus cattle and reduced tick densities by 89% after 5 yr. Thirteen economically feasible IPM strategies were identified for use with B. taurus cattle. Of these, the most efficacious was pasture rotation in May combined with systemic or topical acaricide applications. Other strategies included systemic acaricides with area-wide acaricide applications to pastures, topical acaricides with area-wide acaricide applications, pasture rotation with habitat conversion and topical acaricides, and pasture rotation with habitat conversion, topical acaricides, and area-wide acaricide applications. Each technology reduced tick densities on B. taurus cattle by > 80% over a 5-yr period. Nine IPM strategies were economically feasible for use with crossbred cattle. Of these, pasture rotation combined with systemic or topical acaricide applications reduced the number of female ticks on cattle by > 84%; pasture rotation combined with habitat conversion reduced tick numbers by 77%. The most effective nonacaricide-based IPM strategy for B. taurus and crossbred cattle was pasture rotation combined with habitat conversion. No acaricide-free IPM strategy was economically feasible for use with B. indicus cattle.
有关蜱虫控制的数据以及蜱虫吸食对肉牛造成损害的相关知识，被纳入了一个针对美洲钝眼蜱（L.）的计算机动态生命表模型（LSTSIM）中。进行了模拟，以确定在被黄牛、瘤牛以及杂交牛（黄牛×瘤牛）利用的草料区域中，针对美洲钝眼蜱的经济可行的5年综合虫害管理（IPM）策略。模拟了宿主抗性、牧场轮作、栖息地转换、局部用杀螨剂、全身用杀螨剂以及在牧场上大面积施用杀螨剂对寄生雌蜱种群的影响，这些分别作为单独的控制技术以及多因素IPM策略的组成部分。在肉牛草料区域，针对美洲钝眼蜱最有效的单因素控制策略是使用抗蜱的瘤牛。牧场轮作结合大面积施用杀螨剂是针对瘤牛唯一经济可行的IPM策略，5年后蜱虫密度降低了89%。确定了13种针对黄牛的经济可行的IPM策略。其中，最有效的是5月进行牧场轮作并结合全身或局部施用杀螨剂。其他策略包括全身用杀螨剂结合在牧场上大面积施用杀螨剂、局部用杀螨剂结合在牧场上大面积施用杀螨剂、牧场轮作结合栖息地转换和局部用杀螨剂，以及牧场轮作结合栖息地转换、局部用杀螨剂和在牧场上大面积施用杀螨剂。在5年期间，每种技术都使黄牛身上的蜱虫密度降低了80%以上。9种IPM策略对杂交牛来说经济可行。其中，牧场轮作结合全身或局部施用杀螨剂使牛身上的雌蜱数量减少了84%以上；牧场轮作结合栖息地转换使蜱虫数量减少了77%。针对黄牛和杂交牛，最有效的非杀螨剂类IPM策略是牧场轮作结合栖息地转换。没有无杀螨剂的IPM策略对瘤牛来说经济可行。
