Social stress by repeated defeat: effects on social behaviour and emotionality.

The consequences of repeated defeat stress on social and non-social behaviours were assessed in male rats 24 h after the last defeat. Aggressive, defensive, introductory and affiliative items of both experimental animals and their opponents were recorded in a social behaviour test, while emotionality, exploration and general motor activity were scored in the Emergency, Hole-Board, and Elevated Plus-Maze tests. In addition to a dramatic loss of body weight, a selective inhibition of aggression was observed in the stressed experimental subjects, paralleled by decreased defence in their opponents. In the stressed animals, no change was found in other social and non-social behaviours; in particular, defence and emotionality were unaffected. This shows that, under our experimental conditions, the inhibition of aggression, which has often been reported to parallel an increase in defence after social and non-social aversive stimulation, was not dependent on a concomitant activation of a prevailing defensive motivational system, sustained by increased emotionality and fear. As the same result, namely a selective inhibition of aggression with no effect on defence, was obtained after exposure to a non-social stressor (restraint), the hypothesis is advanced that the threshold for stress-induced behavioural changes is lower for aggression than for any other behavioural and motivational system, including that leading to defence. The inhibition of aggression would therefore be a direct response to stress and not a by-product of the activation of a fear-based defensive system.