The ligand binding site of the neurokinin 2 receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis and identification of neurokinin A binding residues in the human neurokinin 2 receptor.

Thirteen residues in the human neurokinin 2 (NK2) receptor were identified as potential ligand-binding residues by molecular modeling and amino acid sequence analysis. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter these residues in order to ascertain their importance in binding neurokinin A (NKA), the physiological peptide ligand for the NK2 receptor, and the non-peptide NK2 receptor selective antagonist SR48968. Four sites appear to be critical for NKA binding (Gln109, His198, Ile202, and Gly273). The mutant receptors Gln109-->His, Ile202-->Val, Gly273-->Pro, and Gly273-->Thr maintain their affinity for SR48968, despite being unable to bind the peptide ligand. His198-->Ala and His198-->Leu no longer bind NKA or SR48968. We have also identified a residue (Leu292) which appears to play a minor role in the binding of substance P (SP) and neurokinin B (NKB) to the NK2 receptor. The mutant receptor Leu292-->Ser binds NKB and SP with approximately a 5-fold greater affinity in comparison with the wild type receptor while the affinity of NKA remains unaffected. The results suggest that intramembranous residues, as well as residues which lie close to the extracellular side of transmembrane helices 3, 5, and 6, form part of the NK2 receptor binding site. Binding of SP and NKB to the NK2 receptor may also be influenced by residues near the extracellular side of helix 7. These results suggest that some regions of the binding site for NKA in the NK2 receptor are not used for binding SP in the NK1 receptor. However, it also seems that the NKA binding site includes regions that are also used by other G-protein-coupled receptors such as rhodopsin and the beta 2-adrenergic receptors.