McConnell A R, Sherman S J, Hamilton D L
Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405-1301.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Sep;67(3):414-29. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.67.3.414.
The prevailing explanation for illusory correlation in the stereotyping of groups is that distinctive information (minority groups' infrequent behaviors) is salient, receives enhanced encoding, and becomes highly accessible, thus biasing subsequent judgments. This distinctiveness-based explanation (DBE) depends on information distinctiveness at the time of its encoding. Information distinctiveness at encoding was manipulated, while ultimate distinctiveness was kept constant. Experiment 1, contrary to the DBE, found illusory correlations emerge regardless of distinctiveness at encoding. Experiment 2 collected process data that showed that ultimately distinctive behaviors were highly accessible at the time of judgment even when they were not distinctive at encoding. Experiments 3-5 ruled out an alternative account. A basis for illusory correlation that depends on postpresentation, but prejudgment, encoding of distinctive information is suggested.
关于群体刻板印象中虚假关联的普遍解释是，独特信息（少数群体不常出现的行为）很突出，会得到强化编码，并变得极易获取，从而使后续判断产生偏差。这种基于独特性的解释（DBE）取决于编码时的信息独特性。对编码时的信息独特性进行了操控，而最终的独特性保持不变。实验1与DBE相反，发现无论编码时的独特性如何，都会出现虚假关联。实验2收集的过程数据表明，即使最终独特的行为在编码时并不独特，在判断时也极易获取。实验3 - 5排除了另一种解释。提出了一种虚假关联的基础，该基础取决于独特信息在呈现后但在判断前的编码。
