Hildebrandt G
Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie und Rehabilitationsforschung, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Lahn, Germany.
Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1993;29(4):545-57.
The spectrum of biological rhythms exhibits characteristic principles of biological time structure which also rule the functional behaviour. With increasing period lengths the rhythms become increasingly complex. In the long-wave section the rhythmic functions find their corresponding cycles in the environment, whereas the shorter waves represent only endogenous autonomous rhythms, which maintain an internal time order by means of frequency- and phase-coordination. Under resting conditions and in a state of complete adaptation only a few spontaneous rhythms dominate in the spectrum. However, under loading conditions as well as in pathological situations further periodicities come up. The spectrum of rhythms can be divided into certain blocks, with the period lengths predominating in each of these whole number frequency ratios forming a harmonic system. Frequency- and phase-coordination establish a system of co-action which favours the functional economy of the organism. A tripartite organization of the autonomous rhythms involves different functional behaviours with regard to frequency, amplitude, and phase. Slower rhythms act upon the faster rhythms preferably by modulating their frequencies, while changes of the faster rhythms influence the slower ones by enhancing their amplitudes, multiplying their period lengths and shifting their phases. In principle the reactions of living systems are periodically structured. Reactive periodicity brings to appearance an endogenous time structure, which prefers whole number relationships with the spontaneous rhythms. The phase position of reactive periods depends on the stimulus. The amplitudes dampen down with increasing compensation. From the medical point of view so-called circaseptan (about 7 days) reactive periods are of predominant interest. This periodicity can be observed in numerous adaptive and compensating processes. It does not depend on the external week cycle and was already known to the antiquity.
生物节律的频谱展现出生物时间结构的特征性原理，这些原理也支配着功能行为。随着周期长度的增加，节律变得越来越复杂。在长波部分，节律功能在环境中找到其相应的周期，而较短的波仅代表内源性自主节律，它们通过频率和相位协调来维持内部时间顺序。在静息条件和完全适应状态下，频谱中只有少数自发节律占主导。然而，在负荷条件下以及病理情况下，会出现更多的周期性。节律频谱可分为若干个块，每个块中占主导的周期长度形成一个谐波系统，其周期长度呈整数频率比。频率和相位协调建立了一个协同作用系统，有利于生物体的功能经济性。自主节律的三方组织在频率、幅度和相位方面涉及不同的功能行为。较慢的节律主要通过调节较快节律的频率来作用于它们，而较快节律的变化则通过增加较慢节律的幅度、倍增其周期长度和改变其相位来影响较慢节律。原则上，生命系统的反应是周期性构建的。反应性周期性呈现出一种内源性时间结构，它倾向于与自发节律形成整数关系。反应期的相位位置取决于刺激。随着补偿的增加，幅度会衰减。从医学角度来看，所谓的约7天的周节律反应期最为重要。这种周期性可以在许多适应性和补偿性过程中观察到。它不依赖于外部的周周期，古代就已为人所知。
