Louis-Sylvestre J
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1976;30(2-3):331-9.
Ingestion of food and water is the most important mean by which an animal maintains the integrity of the "milieu interne". In a free feeding situation the animal selects the nutrients demanded by the monitors of the internal fluid environment and avoids the malaise caused by ingested toxins; to doing, it maintains the constancy of its body composition. The essential features of this qualitative regulation have been extensively studied in the animal: the choice of nutrient is based on the sensory activity of the ingested material at the oropharynegeal level; some preferences and aversions are innate; others are acquired by conditioning; conditioned taste aversions can be acquired after a single association between the conditioned stimulus (taste) and the unconditioned one (malaise); some preferences and aversions are acquired slowly under the reenforcing effect of the nutritional activity of the ingested food. Are the same characteristics found in man? Studies in man are not numerous but it seems that the same mecanisms are patent in the neonate, the young child and the adult in a distressful situation. On the contrary, in a free feeding situation, sociocultural factors are prevalent.
摄入食物和水是动物维持“内环境”完整性的最重要方式。在自由进食的情况下，动物会选择内部液体环境监测器所需要的营养物质，并避免摄入毒素所引起的不适；通过这样做，它维持了身体成分的恒定。这种定性调节的基本特征已在动物身上得到广泛研究：对营养物质的选择基于摄入物质在口咽水平的感觉活动；一些偏好和厌恶是天生的；其他的则是通过条件作用习得的；条件性味觉厌恶可以在条件刺激（味道）和非条件刺激（不适）之间单次关联后习得；一些偏好和厌恶在摄入食物的营养活动的强化作用下缓慢习得。在人类身上也能发现同样的特征吗？关于人类的研究并不多，但似乎在新生儿、幼儿和处于困境中的成年人身上，同样的机制很明显。相反，在自由进食的情况下，社会文化因素占主导地位。
