Savage L M, Stanchfield M A, Overmier J B
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994 May;48(1):183-91. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90515-0.
Two groups of pigeons were trained on a delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS) task with both identity and symbolic problems, that had either a) specific outcomes correlated (differential group) or b) outcomes uncorrelated (nondifferential group), for each correct sample-choice sequence. After reaching a criterion of 90% correct at the 0 s delay, subjects were tested under saline, methylscopolamine (0.03 mg/kg), scopolamine (0.007, 0.015, 0.03 mg/kg), diazepam (0.0, 1.0, 1.75, 2.5 mg/kg), and lorazepam (0.0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mg/kg) at delays of 0 to 8 s. Scopolamine, diazepam, and lorazepam at all doses impaired performance in the nondifferential group; however, in the differential group, the medium and high doses of both scopolamine and lorazepam, and only the high dose of diazepam impaired performance. The differential outcomes procedure, relative to the nondifferential procedure, enhanced retention in the non-drug state and under these amnestic drugs. Impairments observed in the differential group were a result of decreased performance only on samples correlated with a secondary reinforcer (flashing hopper light); there was no decreased performance on samples correlated with a primary reinforcer (grain). Neither group showed any differences in performance as a function of identity versus symbolic problems in a nondrug or drug state.
两组鸽子接受了一项延迟匹配样本（DMTS）任务的训练，该任务包含身份和符号问题，对于每个正确的样本-选择序列，分别有以下两种情况：a）特定结果相关（差异组）或b）结果不相关（非差异组）。在0秒延迟时达到90%正确的标准后，在0至8秒的延迟条件下，给实验对象注射生理盐水、甲基东莨菪碱（0.03毫克/千克）、东莨菪碱（0.007、0.015、0.03毫克/千克）、地西泮（0.0、1.0、1.75、2.5毫克/千克）和劳拉西泮（0.0、0.5、0.75、1.0毫克/千克）进行测试。所有剂量的东莨菪碱、地西泮和劳拉西泮都会损害非差异组的表现；然而，在差异组中，中等剂量和高剂量的东莨菪碱和劳拉西泮，以及只有高剂量的地西泮会损害表现。相对于非差异程序，差异结果程序增强了非药物状态下以及在这些遗忘药物作用下的记忆保持。在差异组中观察到的表现受损仅是与二级强化物（闪烁的料斗灯）相关的样本表现下降导致的；与一级强化物（谷物）相关的样本表现没有下降。在非药物或药物状态下，两组在身份问题与符号问题上的表现均未显示出任何差异。
