Johnson N F, Pugh K R
Ohio State University.
Cogn Psychol. 1994 Jun;26(3):240-346. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1994.1008.
A model of word recognition is proposed which assumes that when a word is encountered, the first available orthographic code activates all lexical entries that are positionally consistent with that information (i.e., the word's cohort). As subsequently encoded orthographic information becomes available, activation is withdrawn from lexical entries with which it is inconsistent, and the cohort is resolved when only a single candidate remains. The model is intended to characterize: (1) The initial encoding of the graphic information; (2) the recording of that information into an abstract orthographic form; (3) the manner in which the appropriate lexical entries are then activated; (4) the process whereby subsequent orthographic encoding resolves those activated entries to a single candidate; and finally (5) the way in which subjects use information for making decisions as it emerges during this processing. The model includes two critical points. The first is that letter identity information is encoded in the form of a complex orthographic unit termed a wickelgraph. A wickelgraph includes an encoding of the target letter's identity information as its core, plus, as a context, the identity of its two immediately adjacent letters. The set of possible wickelgraphs is assumed to instantiate the rules of orthography. The second point is that once a cohort is established, the perceiver can sample its status at any point during resolution and base a decision on the outcome of that sample. Some tasks (e.g., naming) may allow for a decision based on the initial status of the cohort, while others (e.g., lexical decision) can require its complete resolution. Six experiments are reported that illustrate some of these cohort effects in lexical access.
本文提出了一种单词识别模型，该模型假定当遇到一个单词时，第一个可用的正字法编码会激活所有与该信息在位置上一致的词汇条目（即该单词的同形词群）。随着后续编码的正字法信息变得可用，与该信息不一致的词汇条目的激活被撤回，当只剩下一个候选词时，同形词群就被确定下来。该模型旨在描述：（1）图形信息的初始编码；（2）该信息记录为抽象正字法形式的过程；（3）随后激活适当词汇条目的方式；（4）后续正字法编码将那些激活的条目确定为单个候选词的过程；最后（5）受试者在这一处理过程中利用信息进行决策的方式。该模型包括两个关键点。第一个关键点是字母身份信息以一种称为词素图的复杂正字法单元的形式进行编码。一个词素图包括将目标字母的身份信息编码为其核心，另外，作为上下文，还包括其两个紧邻字母的身份。假定可能的词素图集实例化了正字法规则。第二个关键点是一旦建立了同形词群，感知者可以在确定过程中的任何时刻对其状态进行采样，并根据该采样的结果做出决策。一些任务（例如命名）可能允许根据同形词群的初始状态做出决策，而其他任务（例如词汇判断）可能需要其完全确定。本文报告了六个实验，这些实验说明了词汇通达中的一些同形词群效应。
