Leukemoid reaction: a rare paraneoplastic syndrome associated with advanced bladder carcinoma.

We report a case of leukemoid reaction associated with tumor recurrence and rapid progression in a patient following resection of a high-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The clinical, pathologic, and etiologic features of tumor-associated leukemoid reactions are emphasized. In the setting of recurrent carcinoma, a leukemoid reaction suggests highly aggressive or metastatic disease.