Dynamic control of cell-cell adhesion for multicellular organization.

Cadherin cell-cell adhesion molecules are associated with cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha and beta catenin, and plakoglobin. This cadherin-catenin complex plays an indispensable role in construction of ordered multicellular structures such as polarized epithelium. alpha-catenin is crucial for the cell binding function of cadherins; without it, cells cannot use the cadherin adhesion system for their adhesion. beta-catenin and plakoglobin possibly play more regulatory roles, as it was shown that their tyrosine phosphorylation correlated with modified cadherin activities. The expression of some cadherin-associated proteins is controlled by the wingless/Wnt-1 signal in embryos. These regulatory mechanisms of cadherin function and expression may be involved in dynamic control of cell-cell contacts during morphogenesis, and even in certain processes of cell growth and differentiation.