Gasser T, Ziegler P, Largo R H, Molinari L, Prader A
Universität Zurich.
Ann Hum Biol. 1994 Jul-Aug;21(4):303-14. doi: 10.1080/03014469400003312.
Using biceps and triceps skinfolds and upper arm circumference, areas of fat and lean tissue at the arm can be approximately determined based on a cylindrical assumption. Based on the first Zürich growth study a longitudinal analysis of estimated fat and lean areas is undertaken. Area may often be a more meaningful parameter than width in development, due to the increasing width of the limbs stretching the layer of fat. When comparing these quantities with the body mass index, correlations in boys were higher for lean area than for fat area, and about equally high for both measures in girls (around 0.8 beyond age 10). The primary goal of this investigation was to quantify the development of lean and fat arm areas from birth to adulthood, and to assess sex differences in this respect. The comparison with results obtained earlier from radiographic data is of particular interest, since such data can rarely be obtained any more, and overall this comparison can be considered encouraging. Lean area develops slowly until the onset of puberty, girls showing a slightly smaller value than boys. The pubertal spurt is very impressive in boys and moderate in girls, timed to age of peak height velocity in both sexes. Fat area changes only minimally in boys older than 16 months, and increases steadily in girls until age 16. The respective velocity curve shows a systematic up and down until age 5, when a gradual increase to a prepubertal fat spurt starts. It is interrupted by a trough in velocity--much more accentuated in boys--at puberty, and followed by a postpubertal fat spurt. When studying subgroups of subjects with a relatively high or relatively low adult body mass index, the heavy group differed relatively more in terms of fat area than lean area. Girls heavy as adults increase their fat area consistently more from about 5 years onwards. Boys later heavy show a qualitatively different pattern in puberty, with accentuated pre- and postpubertal fat spurts, but also a strong trough to a negative velocity in between.
利用肱二头肌和肱三头肌皮褶厚度以及上臂围度，基于圆柱形假设可大致确定手臂处脂肪组织和瘦组织的面积。基于首次苏黎世生长研究，对估计的脂肪和瘦组织面积进行了纵向分析。在发育过程中，面积可能常常是比宽度更有意义的参数，因为四肢宽度的增加会拉伸脂肪层。将这些量与体重指数进行比较时，男孩中瘦组织面积的相关性高于脂肪组织面积，女孩中这两种测量的相关性大致相同（10岁以后约为0.8）。本研究的主要目的是量化从出生到成年瘦组织和脂肪组织手臂面积的发育情况，并评估这方面的性别差异。与早期从放射学数据获得的结果进行比较特别有意义，因为现在很少能再获得此类数据，总体而言这种比较结果令人鼓舞。瘦组织面积在青春期开始前发育缓慢，女孩的值略小于男孩。青春期突增在男孩中非常显著，在女孩中较为适度，且与两性的身高增长峰值年龄同步。16个月以上的男孩脂肪组织面积变化极小，女孩的脂肪组织面积直到16岁都在稳步增加。相应的速度曲线在5岁前呈现出有规律的起伏，之后逐渐增加直至青春期前的脂肪突增开始。在青春期，速度曲线会出现一个低谷（男孩中更为明显），随后是青春期后的脂肪突增。在研究成年体重指数相对较高或相对较低的受试者亚组时，体重较重的组在脂肪组织面积方面的差异相对大于瘦组织面积。成年后体重较重的女孩从大约5岁起脂肪组织面积持续增加得更多。成年后体重较重的男孩在青春期表现出质的不同模式，青春期前和青春期后的脂肪突增更为明显，但其间也有一个到负速度的强烈低谷。
